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Mancur Olson, Jr. (1932
- February
19, 1998) was
a leading American
economist
and social
scientist who, at the time of his death, worked at the University
of Maryland, College Park. Among other areas, he made contributions to institutional
economics on the role of private
property, taxation, public goods, collective
action and contract rights in economic
development.
Olson focused on the logical basis of interest group membership and
participation. The reigning political
theories of his day granted groups an almost primordial
status. Some appealed to a natural human instinct for herding,
others ascribed the formation of groups that are rooted in kinship
to the process of modernization.
Olson offered a radically different account of the logical basis of organized collective
action.
In his first book, The
Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups, he
theorized that “only a separate and ‘selective’ incentive will stimulate
a rational individual in a latent group to act in a group-oriented way”;
that is, only a benefit reserved strictly for group members will motivate one
to join and contribute to the group. This means that individuals will act
collectively to provide private
goods, but not to provide public
goods.
In 1982, he expanded his Logic of Collective Action in an attempt to
explain "The Rise and Decline of Nations". The idea is that small
distributional coalitions tend to form over time in countries. Groups like
cotton-farmers, steel-producers, and labor unions will have the incentives to
form political
lobbies and influence policies in their favor. These policies will tend to
be protectionist
and anti-technology, and will therefore hurt economic growth; but since the
benefits of these policies are selective incentives concentrated amongst the
few coalitions members, while the costs are diffused throughout the whole
population, the "Logic" dictates that there will be little public
resistance to them. Hence as time goes on, and these distributional coalitions
accumulate in greater and greater numbers, the nation burdened by them will
fall into economic decline.
In his final book, Power
and Prosperity, Olson distinguished between the economic effects of
different types of government, in particular, tyranny, anarchy and democracy.
Olson argued that a "roving bandit" (under anarchy) has an incentive
only to steal and destroy, whilst a "stationary bandit" (a tyrant)
has an incentive to encourage a degree of economic success, since he will
expect to be in power long enough to take a share of it. The stationary bandit
thereby takes on the primordial function of government - protection of his
citizens and property against roving bandits. Olson saw in the move from
roving bandits to stationary bandits the seeds of civilization, paving the way
for democracy, which improves incentives for good government by more closely
aligning it with the wishes of the population. [1]
To honor Olson's many contributions to the fields of Economics and
Political Science, the American
Political Science Association introduced the Olson Award to the best PhD
dissertation in Political Economy (http://www.apsanet.org/~polecon/awards.html#Past%20Winners).
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Selected works
- The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups,
Harvard University Press, 1st ed. 1965, 2nd ed. 1971
- The Rise and Decline of Nations: Economic Growth, Stagflation, and
Social Rigidities, Yale University Press, 1982
- Power and Prosperity: Outgrowing Communist and Capitalist
Dictatorships, Oxford University Press, 2000
- "The Economics of Autocracy and Majority Rule: The Invisible Hand
and the Use of Force," (with Martin C. McGuire) in The Journal of
Economic Literature (March 1996).